Such a model eventually conflicted with evidence for a gradual, sporadic process. Childe ( 1), among others, initially favored the “oasis” hypothesis, a model in which human communities, along with future plant and animal domesticates, coalesced within climatic refugia and, subsequently, spread the resulting innovations outward. He specifically chose the word “revolution” to evoke the Industrial Revolution and its rapid effects on economic systems and population sizes. Gordon Childe coined the phrase “Neolithic Revolution” in 1936 ( 1) to describe the emergence of settled, agricultural societies. Our model of increasing population densities is supported by archaeological data and computational simulations, offering insights regarding the Neolithic Demographic Transition in the Zagros, an equivalent of which is commonly thought to have occurred around the world. In brief, diversity in the obsidian assemblage accelerated diachronically, an invisible trend in the earlier studies. Here we propose and support an alternative model for obsidian distribution among more settled communities. Our results emphasize a dynamic, accelerating connectivity among the Early and Late Neolithic communities. In the 1960s and 1970s, 28 obsidian artifacts from the sites were destructively tested, and the remainder were sorted by color.
Here we share our findings about the obsidian artifacts excavated from the sites of Ali Kosh and Chagha Sefid in the southern Zagros.
#Parallels transporter agent error occurred while collecting portable
The rise of nondestructive and portable instruments permits entire obsidian assemblages to be traced to their sources, renewing their significance in elucidating connections among early pastoral and agricultural communities. Despite debates regarding their proposed conveyance mechanisms, obsidian artifacts’ transport has received relatively little attention compared with zooarchaeological and archaeobotanical lines of investigation. Since then, critical reassessments of floral, faunal, and chronological data have upended long-held interpretations regarding the emergence of food production and have demonstrated that far-traveled, nomadic pastoralists were more myth than reality, at least during the Neolithic. Exchange networks created by Neolithic pastoral transhumance have been central to explaining the distant transport of obsidian since chemical analysis was first used to attribute Near Eastern artifacts to their volcanic origins in the 1960s.
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